Fraction Forms (الكسور)

Arabic fractions follow measured patterns derived from numbers. ACE displays cardinal, ordinal, and fractional patterns with IPA and morphology.

Basic Fraction Forms

• 1/2 → نِصْفٌ
• 1/3 → ثُلُثٌ
• 1/4 → رُبُعٌ
• 1/5 → خُمُسٌ

Plural Fractions

• أَنْصاف
• أَثْلاث
• أَرْباع

Construct State

Fractions require إضافة:

• ثُلُثُ الكِتَابِ — one-third of the book

ACE’s number engine applies these patterns for noun-modifier agreement.

Number System Summary

Arabic numbers behave differently across ranges. ACE unifies cardinal, ordinal, fraction, and gender agreement rules.

1–3

Simple patterns; gender matches noun.

3–10

Gender is opposite (reverse agreement).

11–19

First part opposite, second part same.

20–90

Plural tens behave like sound plurals.

100+

Construct state (إضافة) required for counted noun.

This summary links all number-specific rule pages in ACE.

Cardinal Number Rules (الأعداد الأصلية)

1. Gender Agreement

• 1 & 2 → match noun
• 3–10 → opposite gender

Examples

• ثَلَاثُ فَتَيَاتٍ — three girls
• ثَلَاثَةُ رِجَالٍ — three men

11–12

• اِحْدَى عَشْرَةَ
• اِثْنَا عَشَرَ

13–19

First element reversed, second matches.

100, 1000, 1,000,000

Always in construct state with following noun.

Ordinal Numbers (الأعداد الترتيبية)

• الأوَّل
• الثّاني
• الثّالث
• الرّابع
• الخامس

Usage

Ordinal numbers always match the noun in gender & definiteness.

• اليومُ الثّاني — the second day
• السّاعةُ الخامسة — the fifth hour

ACE maps ordinals to noun-building rules and IPA rendering.

ACE — Comprehensive Rules Index

This page links to all rule modules used by ACE for analyzing verbs, nouns, Tajweed, IPA, particles, and number systems.

• 01 — Tajweed Rules
• 02 — Assimilation Rules
• 03 — Vowel Rules
• 04 — Verb Form Rules
• 05 — Prefix/Suffix Rules
• 06 — Particle Rules
• 07 — Noun Declension Rules
• 08 — IPA Rules
• 09 — Weak Verb Rules
• Fractions / Number Summary / Ordinals

Grammar Group 2 — Numbers & Agreement

Covers the grammatical interaction between numbers and nouns including gender reversal, plural behavior, and construct state rules.

• Reverse gender rules (3–10)
• Tens system (20–90)
• Hundreds & thousands

ACE uses these patterns when analyzing counted nouns.

Grammar Group 3 — Quantifiers

Quantifiers behave like adjectives and follow noun agreement rules.

• بَعْضُ الرِّجَالِ — some of the men
• كُلُّ الْكِتَابِ — all of the book

ACE applies declension logic for quantifiers automatically.

Assimilation Rules (Idghām & Morphological Assimilation)

Assimilation occurs when two consonants come together in such a way that the first absorbs into the second, creating doubling (shaddah) or sound transformation. ACE applies these rules when generating Arabic script.

1. Form VIII Assimilation (اِفْتَعَلَ → اِدَّعَى etc.)

When the prefix تْ (ta) of Form VIII meets the first radical, it may assimilate:

• d, z: ت becomes د
  اِدَّكَرَ ← *اِتْذَكَرَ
• ذ: both become doubled دّ
• ت: merged into تّ
• ṣ, ḍ, ṭ: ت becomes ط
• th, ẓ: full assimilation into a doubled consonant
• w: the و drops and assimilation forms اِتَّ...

2. Nun Assimilation (Idghām)

When نْ encounters certain letters, it merges and is replaced by shaddah.

3. Lam Shamsiyyah

The ل in “al-” assimilates into sun letters (t, th, d, dh, r, z, s, sh, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, n, l).

4. Hamza Assimilation (Seat Change)

• After ā (aA): ء becomes standalone (ء)
• After ū (uw): hamza sits on و (ؤ)
• After ī (iy): hamza sits on ي (ئ)

ACE applies these rules automatically during Latin→Arabic conversion.

Conjugation Rules (التصريف)

Covers all verbal transformations in ACE:
• Perfect
• Imperfect (Indicative / Subjunctive / Jussive / Emphatic)
• Imperative
• Passive
• Forms I–X

1. Perfect

Suffix-based; no prefixes

2. Imperfect

Prefix-based with vowel patterns and suffixes

3. Passive

Vowel shift: (a → u), (a → i) depending on tense

4. Imperative

Derived from jussive; initial vowel rules apply

5. Emphatic (I & II)

Final long vowels

ACE’s conjugation engine is built on these core rules.

Verb Forms (الأوزان العشرة) — Morphological Rules

Arabic triliteral verbs appear in ten primary derived patterns. ACE detects forms automatically using consonant patterns, vowels, and prefixes (e.g., ta-, sta-, in-).

Form I — الفعل الثلاثي المجرد

• Pattern: فَعَلَ / فَعِلَ / فَعُلَ
• Imperfect: يَفْعَلُ / يَفْعِلُ / يَفْعُلُ

• كَتَبَ → يَكْتُبُ

Form II — التفعيل (faʕʕala)

• Pattern: فعّل
• Doubling of the second radical

• دَرَّسَ → يُدَرِّسُ

Form III — المفاعلة (fāʕala)

• Pattern: فاعَلَ
• Imperfect: يُفاعِلُ

Form IV — الإفعال (afʕala)

• Prefix: أَ- / أُ-
• Imperfect: يُفْعِلُ

Form V — التفعُّل (tafaʕʕala)

Derived from Form II with prefix تَـ.

Form VI — التفاعُل (tafāʕala)

Derived from Form III with prefix تَـ.

Form VII — الإنفعال (infaʕala)

• Prefix: اِنْـ
• No passive forms

Form VIII — الإفتعال (iftaʕala)

• Prefix: اِتَّـ / اِطَّـ (assimilation rules apply)

Form IX — الإفعال للألوان (ifʕalla)

Rare; used for colors and defects.

Form X — الإستفعال (istafʕala)

• Prefix: اِسْتَـ
• Imperfect: يَسْتَفْعِلُ

ACE detects forms using:
1) prefix patterns
2) gemination (shaddah)
3) vowel templates
4) assimilation rules (for Form VIII)

ACE Rules — Documentation

Tajweed Rules

Tajweed Rules

Tajweed Rules — Overview

Weak / Assimilation Verbs

Assimilation Rules

Assimilation Rules (Idghām & Morphological Assimilation)

Rules Defective

Defective Verbs (الناقص)

Rules Doublyweak

Doubly Weak Verbs

Rules Hamzated

Hamzated Verbs (الهمزة)

Rules Hollow

Hollow Verbs (الأجوف)

Rules Weak Verbs

Weak Verbs Rules

Weak Verbs Rules (الأفعال المعتلة)

Verb Forms & Conjugation

Conjugation Rules

Conjugation Rules (التصريف)

Form Rules

Verb Forms (الأوزان العشرة) — Morphological Rules

Particles / Prefix / Suffix

Particles Rules

Particles (حروف) — Rules & Usage

Prefix Suffix Rules

Prefix & Suffix Rules for Verbs and Nouns

IPA / Phonetics

Ipa Rules

IPA Rendering Rules

Numbers & Quantifiers

Ace Rule Number Summary

Number System Summary

Ace Rule Numbers

Cardinal Number Rules (الأعداد الأصلية)

Ace Rules G2 Numbers

Grammar Group 2 — Numbers & Agreement

Ace Rules G3 Quantifers

Grammar Group 3 — Quantifiers

Rules Numbers Agreement

Number Agreement Rules

Rules Numbers Cardinal

Cardinal Number Detailed Rules

Rules Numbers Ordinal

Ordinal Number Detailed Rules

General ACE Rules

Ace Rule Fractions

Fraction Forms (الكسور)

Ace Rule Ordinals

Ordinal Numbers (الأعداد الترتيبية)

Ace Rules

ACE — Comprehensive Rules Index

Collapsible Rules

📚 ACE Rules — Smooth Collapsible Documentation

Nouns Declension Rules

Noun Declension Rules (الإعراب)

Rules Assimilated

Assimilated Verbs (المثال)

Vowel Rules

Arabic Vowel Rules (حركات)

IPA Rendering Rules

ACE converts Arabic script or Latin transliteration into IPA using internal mappings. This is essential for learners who need exact pronunciation for Tajwīd and morphology.

1. Consonants

• ب → /b/
• ت → /t/
• ث → /θ/
• ج → /d͡ʒ/
• ح → /ħ/
• خ → /x/
• د → /d/
• ذ → /ð/
• ر → /r/
• ز → /z/
• س → /s/
• ش → /ʃ/
• ص → /sˤ/
• ض → /dˤ/
• ط → /tˤ/
• ظ → /ðˤ/
• ع → /ʕ/
• غ → /ɣ/
• ف → /f/
• ق → /q/
• ك → /k/
• ل → /l/
• م → /m/
• ن → /n/
• ه → /h/
• ء → /ʔ/

2. Short Vowels

• َ → /a/
• ِ → /i/
• ُ → /u/

3. Long Vowels (ACE shows red)

• ا → /aː/
• ي → /iː/
• و → /uː/

4. Diphthongs

• aw → /aw/
• ay → /aj/

5. Sukun Rendering

ACE renders consonant clusters clearly using a dot between syllables.

6. Shaddah

Shaddah yields double consonants → /Cː/

• دَرَّسَ → /darːasa/

7. Tajweed IPA Adjustments

ACE applies special coloring & IPA shifts for:
- Qalqalah
- Ghunnah
- Idghām
- Ikhfā’

These rules ensure accurate learner-friendly pronunciation outputs.

Noun Declension Rules (الإعراب)

Arabic nouns decline for case (nominative, accusative, genitive), definiteness, number, and gender. ACE’s noun analyzer uses dedicated declension arrays for singular, dual, plural, and broken plural patterns.

1. Cases

• Nominative (مرفوع) — ُ
• Accusative (منصوب) — َ
• Genitive (مجرور) — ِ

2. Definiteness

• Definite: ال + case vowel
• Indefinite: tanwīn (un / an / in)

3. Dual Nouns

• Nom.: -انِ
• Acc./Gen.: -يْنِ

4. Sound Masculine Plural

• Nom.: -ونَ
• Acc./Gen.: -ينَ

5. Sound Feminine Plural

• -اتُ (nom.)
• -اتِ (acc./gen.)

6. Broken Plurals

Irregular internal patterns such as:

• كِتَاب → كُتُب
• رَجُل → رِجَال
• بَيْت → بُيُوت

7. Possessive Pronouns with Nouns

• كِتَابُهُ — his book
• كِتَابُنَا — our book

ACE treats noun declension separately from verb parsing and uses case suffixes only in noun tenses (15–23).

Particles (حروف) — Rules & Usage

Particles are indeclinable words that modify verbs, nouns, tense, or meaning. ACE contains full particle arrays including translations, IPA, and Arabic forms.

1. Tense Particles for Verbs

Past Tense Emphasis

• قَدْ — certainly, indeed
• ما (perfect negation)

Imperfect Future / Intention

• سَـ — will (soon)
• سَوْفَ — will (later)

Subjunctive Markers

• لَنْ — will not (future negation)

Jussive Markers

• لَمْ — did not
• لا (prohibitive) — do not!

2. Prepositions

• مِنْ — from
• إلى — to
• فِي — in
• عَلَى — upon
• بِـ — with / by

3. Coordinating Particles

• وَ — and
• فَ — then / so
• ثُمَّ — then (after delay)

4. Logical Particles

• إِنَّ — indeed
• لَعَلَّ — perhaps
• لَيْسَ — not (verbal particle)

ACE allows particles to be placed before verbs using assembly mode. Particles are merged or spaced depending on pronunciation rules (wa-, fa-, bi-).

Prefix & Suffix Rules for Verbs and Nouns

ACE uses multiple dedicated arrays for prefixes (PREF), noun suffixes, verb suffixes (perfect / imperfect / subjunctive / jussive / emphatic), and attached pronouns. This page describes their structure and usage.

1. Imperfect Verb Prefixes

• يَ — he / they
• تَ — she / you
• أَ (ea) — I
• نَ — we

2. Perfect Tense Suffixes

Suffixes mark person, gender, and number:

• -تُ → I
• -تَ → you (m.)
• -تِ → you (f.)
• -ا → dual
• -وا → plural (m.)
• -نَ → plural (f.)

3. Imperfect Tense Suffixes (Indicative)

• -ُ → default (m. sg.)
• -انِ → dual
• -ونَ → plural (m.)
• -ينَ → singular (f.)

4. Subjunctive Suffixes

Final vowel changes to fatḥa; many suffixes shorten or drop.

• -َ → he
• -ا → dual
• -وا → plural

5. Jussive Suffix Rules

Final vowel often drops, and weak roots undergo special changes:

• يَغْفِرْ → do not forgive!
• لَمْ يَكْتُبْ → he did not write

6. Attached Object Pronouns

• -هُ → him
• -ها → her
• -هم → them
• -كما → you (dual)

7. Genitive / Possessive Pronouns

• كِتابُهُ → his book
• رَبُّنا → our Lord

ACE merges prefixes and suffixes automatically with the correct vowels and sukoon.

Assimilated Verbs (المثال)

Weak first radical (usually و or ي)

• Drop weak letter in imperfect: وَقَفَ → يَقِفُ
• Imperative: قِ!

Defective Verbs (الناقص)

Weak final radical

• Final weak letter drops in jussive
• Example: يَدْعُو → لَمْ يَدْعُ

Doubly Weak Verbs

Two weak radicals. ACE uses combined hollow + defective rules.

• حَيِيَ → يَحْيَا

Hamzated Verbs (الهمزة)

Contain hamza in any radical; hamza rules affect spelling & pronunciation.

• قَرَأَ
• سَأَلَ

ACE applies hamza seat rules for voweling.

Hollow Verbs (الأجوف)

Weak middle radical

• Past: long vowel
• Imperfect: returns short vowel

• قَالَ → يَقُولُ

Number Agreement Rules

Shows how numbers interact with masculine/feminine nouns.

• ثَلَاثُ فَتَيَاتٍ
• ثَلَاثَةُ رِجَالٍ

ACE applies these rules in noun-analysis mode.

Cardinal Number Detailed Rules

Expanded rules for 1–1000 numbers

• Reverse gender (3–10)
• Compound numbers (11–19)
• Tens & hundreds

Ordinal Number Detailed Rules

Covers feminine/masculine forms, broken plurals, and construct usage in dates and sequences.

• السنةُ الخامسةُ

Tajweed Rules — Overview

Tajweed refers to the correct pronunciation and articulation of Arabic sounds when reciting the Qur’ān. Each letter has a specific makhraj (articulation point) and ṣifah (sound characteristic). These rules ensure clarity, precision, and beauty.

1. Qalqalah (Echo Letters)

Qalqalah occurs on the letters ق ط ب ج د. When these letters carry a sukoon or stop at the end of a word, an “echoing” sound is produced.

• قَدْ → qad (with a bounce on the “d”)
• يَبْلُغْ → yablugh (bounce on the “gh” when stopping)

2. Idghām (Assimilation)

Occurs when a نْ or tanwīn is followed by certain letters, causing merging.

• Idghām with ghunnah: ي، ن، م، و
• Idghām without ghunnah: ل، ر

• مِنْ وَرَاءٍ → miwwarā’in

3. Ikhfā’ (Concealment)

Occurs when نْ or tanwīn is followed by 15 specific letters. The sound is partially hidden with ghunnah.

4. Iqlāb (Conversion)

When نْ or tanwīn is followed by ب, it becomes a م sound with ghunnah.

• أَنْبِئْهُمْ → am-bi’ hum

5. Rules of Madd (Elongation)

Elongating long vowels: ا (ā), ي (ī), و (ū) Minimum = 2 counts; can increase in special conditions (madd wajib, lazim).

These tajweed rules are applied throughout ACE in IPA and Arabic rendering.

Arabic Vowel Rules (حركات)

Arabic uses short vowels (fatḥa, kaṣra, ḍamma) and long vowels (ā, ī, ū). Correct application is essential for morphology, pronunciation, and IPA generation. ACE applies vowel rules automatically based on your $infl1 / $infl2 selections and form patterns.

1. Short Vowels

• Fatḥa ( ـَ ) — “a” sound
• Kaṣra ( ـِ ) — “i” sound
• Ḍamma ( ـُ ) — “u” sound

2. Long Vowels (Madd Letters)

Long vowels are produced by:

• ا → ā
• ي → ī
• و → ū

ACE highlights long vowels in red and reflects them in IPA as /aː/, /iː/, /uː/.

3. Two-Vowel Pattern in Verbs

The imperfect verb uses two vowel slots: V1 (after r0) and V2 (after r1).

• V1 = a, V2 = u → يَكْتُبُ (yaktubu)
• V1 = i, V2 = a → يِكْتَبَ (yiktaba) [dialectal or passive pattern]

4. Passive Vowel Rules

Passive forms use the pattern (u-i) in the past and (u-a) in the imperfect:

• كُتِبَ → kutiba (he was written)
• يُكْتَبُ → yuktabu (he is written)

5. Sukun Rules

A sukoon ( ْ ) means the consonant has no vowel. ACE inserts sukoon automatically between two adjacent consonants.

6. Tanwīn Rules

Tanwīn applies only to indefinite nouns and ACE omits it for verbs.

These rules govern all vowel rendering in Arabic & IPA output across ACE.

Weak Verbs Rules (الأفعال المعتلة)

Weak verbs contain و / ي / ا in one or more root positions. ACE automatically detects weak patterns and adjusts stems, vowels, and suffixes for all tenses and forms.

Types of Weak Verbs

1. Assimilated (المثال)

Weak letter in first radical (r0)

• وَقَفَ → يَقِفُ

2. Hollow (الأجوف)

Weak letter in second radical (r1)

• قَالَ → يَقُولُ

3. Defective (الناقص)

Weak letter in third radical (r2)

• دَعَا → يَدْعُو

4. Doubly Weak

Two weak radicals in the same verb

Key Rules

1. Hollow Verb Vowel Collapse

Form I past replaces middle radical with long vowel.

2. Defective Verb Final Drop

Final weak radical may drop before suffixes:

• يَدْعُو → لَمْ يَدْعُ

3. Assimilated Verb Imperfect Loss

• وَقَفَ → يَقِفُ (و dropped)

ACE Implementation

• Detects weak radical positions
• Applies special conjugation rules
• Handles imperative irregular forms (e.g., قُلْ)
• Handles Form VIII assimilation for weak roots

These rules ensure accurate rendering of all weak-verb patterns across tenses.