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ACE Tajwīd — Teaching Reference

Seven groups of recitation rules · Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim

1. Tajwīd Rules — Comprehensive Summary

These are instructional descriptions of common rules (primarily according to Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim). Actual application depends on the surrounding letters, vowels, word boundaries, and whether recitation continues or stops. The tester's color layers are visual aids, not substitutes for the written Muṣḥaf.

1.1 Nūn Sākinah (نْ) and Tanwīn (ً ٌ ٍ)
  • Iẓhār Ḥalqī (إظهار حلقي): pronounce the nūn/tanwīn clearly before the six throat letters ء، ه، ع، ح، غ، خ.
  • Idghām with ghunnah (إدغام بغنة): merge into ي، ن، م، و with nasalization, generally two counts, when the condition occurs across words. Known same-word exceptions include الدُّنْيَا، بُنْيَانٌ، صِنْوَانٌ، قِنْوَانٌ, where nūn is pronounced clearly.
  • Idghām without ghunnah (إدغام بلا غنة): merge into ل، ر without nasalization. The assimilated consonant is commonly represented with shaddah in teaching displays.
  • Iqlāb (إقلاب): before ب, pronounce nūn sākinah/tanwīn as a concealed mīm with ghunnah (typically two counts); a small mīm may mark this in the Muṣḥaf.
  • Ikhfāʾ Ḥaqīqī (إخفاء حقيقي): partially conceal nūn/tanwīn with ghunnah before the fifteen letters ت، ث، ج، د، ذ، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ف، ق، ك.
1.2 Mīm Sākinah (مْ)
  • Ikhfāʾ Shafawī (إخفاء شفوي): before ب, conceal mīm with ghunnah.
  • Idghām Shafawī (إدغام شفوي): before another م, merge the two mīms with ghunnah.
  • Iẓhār Shafawī (إظهار شفوي): pronounce mīm clearly before the remaining letters; take particular care before ف and و.
1.3 Ghunnah (غنة) and Assimilation of Consonants
  • Nūn and mīm mushaddadah: a doubled نّ or مّ carries ghunnah, usually two counts.
  • Idghām al-Mutamāthilayn (إدغام المتماثلين): assimilation of identical adjacent consonants where the recitation conditions permit.
  • Idghām al-Mutajānisayn (إدغام المتجانسين): assimilation of compatible consonants sharing an articulation point but differing in some qualities.
  • Idghām al-Mutaqāribayn (إدغام المتقاربين): assimilation of particular closely articulated consonants. Not every adjacent pair is automatically assimilated; follow attested recitation rules.
1.4 Qalqalah (قلقلة)
  • Letters: ق، ط، ب، ج، د (قُطْبُ جَدّ). When one of these letters is sākin, it receives a brief audible release or bounce, without adding a full vowel.
  • At a stop: qalqalah is particularly noticeable when stopping makes a final qalqalah letter sākin; a final mushaddad letter may have a stronger release.
1.5 Tafkhīm (تفخيم) and Tarqīq (ترقيق)
  • Consistently heavy letters (istiʿlāʾ): خ، ص، ض، غ، ط، ق، ظ. Their heaviness varies with vowel and context.
  • Other letters: generally light, subject to special rules for ر, ل in the Divine Name, and neighboring sounds.
  • Rāʾ (ر): usually heavy with fatḥah/ḍammah and in certain sākin contexts; usually light with kasrah and in certain sākin contexts. Exceptional cases require context-specific review.
  • Lām in Allāh (اللَّه): generally heavy after fatḥah or ḍammah and light after kasrah; ordinary lām remains light.
1.6 Madd (مدّ) — Vowel Lengthening
  • Madd Ṭabīʿī (مد طبيعي): natural lengthening, generally two counts, for the qualifying long-vowel carriers ا، و، ي; dagger alif can represent long ā.
  • Madd Muttaṣil (مد متصل): madd letter followed by hamzah in the same word; commonly four or five counts in the relevant Ḥafṣ teaching convention.
  • Madd Munfaṣil (مد منفصل): madd at the end of a word followed by hamzah at the start of the next; its length depends on the adopted transmission/path.
  • Madd Lāzim (مد لازم): a permanent sukūn or shaddah follows the madd letter; generally six counts, with word/letter and light/heavy subtypes.
  • Madd ʿĀriḍ li-s-Sukūn (مد عارض للسكون): stopping creates a temporary sukūn after a madd letter; commonly two, four, or six counts.
  • Madd al-Līn (مد اللين): وْ or يْ after fatḥah; when stopping, lengthening may be two, four, or six counts.
  • Madd Badal (مد بدل): hamzah before a madd letter; generally two counts in the common Ḥafṣ route.
  • Madd Ṣilah Ṣughrā / Kubrā (مد صلة صغرى / كبرى): qualifying pronoun hāʾ may connect with a short extension (two counts), or a longer extension when followed by hamzah, according to recitation conditions.
  • Madd ʿIwaḍ (مد عوض): at a stop, final fatḥatayn is commonly replaced by two-count long ā, subject to exceptions such as tāʾ marbūṭah.
  • Other taught categories: madd tamkīn, madd farq, and letter-initial (ḥarfī) madd require their specific contexts.
1.7 The Definite Article (الـ), Hamzat al-Waṣl, and Waqf
  • Lām Shamsiyyah (لام شمسية): the article's lām assimilates before ت، ث، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ل، ن.
  • Lām Qamariyyah (لام قمرية): the article's lām is pronounced clearly before the other fourteen letters.
  • Hamzat al-Waṣl (ٱ): pronounced when starting at the word in the appropriate manner, but normally dropped in connected recitation; the written Muṣḥaf form is preserved.
  • Waqf and Ibtidāʾ (وقف وابتداء): stopping and restarting may change final vowels, tanwīn, tāʾ marbūṭah pronunciation, and madd length. Follow Qurʾānic pause signs and meaning.

About the ACE tester: Its existing color layers distinguish selected rules (for example, blue qalqalah, orange tafkhīm, red madd, green ikhfāʾ, grey idghām sources). This expanded reference includes additional teaching categories that are not necessarily implemented by the current analyzer. No automatic detection or coloring is claimed for a category merely because it appears here.