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Latin → Arabic Conversion Rules

1. Overview of the Transliteration System

ACE uses a custom Latin transliteration specifically built for computational morphology and Tajwīd compatibility.

The goal is:

One Latin sequence = one Arabic letter (never ambiguous)
Round-trip conversion: Arabic → Latin → Arabic is lossless
Match Qur’an orthography
Support IPA + morphology

2. Consonants Mapping

Latin	Arabic	IPA
’ or AA	ع	ʕ
e	ء	ʔ
h	ه	h
H	ح	ħ
kh	خ	x
gh	غ	ɣ
t	ت	t
th	ث	θ
d	د	d
dh	ذ	ð
s	س	s
sh	ش	ʃ
S	ص	sˤ
D	ض	dˤ
T	ط	tˤ
Z	ظ	ðˤ
q	ق	q
k	ك	k
j	ج	d͡ʒ
b	ب	b
f	ف	f
m	م	m
n	ن	n
r	ر	r
l	ل	l
w	و	w
y	ي	j

3. Long Vowels

Latin	Arabic	Example
aA	ا (ā)	qaAl → قالَ
iy	ي (ī)	kabiir → كبير
uw	و (ū)	nuur → نور

4. Hamza Rules

ACE uses 3 hamza representations:

e → ء plain hamza
ea → أ
ei → إ
eu → ؤ
eY → ئ

Examples:

eaAdama → أَادَمَ
yasealu → يَسأَلُ
shaye(in) → شَيءٍ

5. Example Conversions

shaAea     → شاءَ
faAAAAaAl  → فاعAالٌ
AAumyaAei  → عُمْيَاءِ
(a)lssamaAei → ٱلسَّمَاءِ